北京故宫导游词15篇(实用)
作为一名导游，往往需要进行导游词编写工作，导游词具有极强的实用性，涉及的知识十分广泛。怎样写导游词才更能起到其作用呢？下面是小编为大家整理的北京故宫导游词，希望对大家有所帮助。
北京故宫导游词1
大家好，我是北京旅行社的导游，名叫成思瑶，欢迎来自济南的朋友来到北京参观故宫，我会陪同大家一齐游览故宫，大家在参观的过程中有疑问的地方能够问我。
故宫建于公元1406年，南北长961米，东西宽763米，面积约723600平方米，大小院子有90多座，房屋有980多座，共计7078间。故宫的前半部分建筑形象是严肃、庄严、壮丽、雄伟的，以象征皇上的.至高无上。后半部分叫内廷，则富有生活气息，建筑多事自成院落，有花园、书斋、馆榭、山石等。此刻我们立刻就到乾清宫了。乾清宫是内廷的正殿，高20米，殿的正中央有宝座，内有“正大光明”匾，两头有暖阁。清康熙前此处为皇帝居住和处理政务之处。清雍正后皇帝移居养心殿，但仍在此处批阅奏折、选派官吏和召见下臣。请大家注意，在解散之后，不要随便触摸这些古老的文物，以防破损。
下头我们要去御花园，请大家排好队。
御花园里有高耸的松柏，珍贵的花木、山石和亭阁。御花园原名叫宫后苑，占地11000多平方米，有建筑20余处。以钦安殿为中心，园林建筑采用主次相辅、左右对称的格局，布局紧凑，古典富丽，能够说是保存的古亭中最为华丽的花园了。注意事项：如果大家有垃圾，请及时扔到垃圾箱里，不要丢在故宫里。
多谢大家今日的参观，再见！
北京故宫导游词2
各位游客：
欢迎大家来到故宫博物院。故宫，旧名紫禁城，在1961年经国务院批准定为全国重点文物保护单位，1987年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录。故宫城墙十多米高，是明清两代皇宫，有近600年的历史。故宫有四座城门，南边午门，北边神武门，东边东华门，西边西华门。故宫城呈长方形，占地七十二万平方米，大小宫殿七十多座，房屋九仟四百多间，城墙外有一条五十米宽的护城河，城墙四角各有一座角楼。故宫规模宏大，建筑精美，布局统一。
我们现在正处故宫午门，大家请随我来参观。
看到前面的四座桥了吗?这四座桥叫金水桥，每座桥的边上都有一座殿堂，分别是武英殿，敬思殿，文华殿，和主敬殿。其中文华殿是当初明神宗读书的地方，著名宰相张居正就是在那给小皇帝授课的。
来，我们跨过金水桥吧!看到前面的三道门吗?这三道门从左到右分别为贞度门，太和门，昭德门。这三门曾因两名护军失职而起火，火灾虽不严重，但当时光绪帝大婚，能工巧匠们临时复制了三门，质量外观与原品毫无差别，可见古时工匠水平之高超呀!
照片拍完了吗?现在跟我走过太和门，就来到故宫中心了，三大殿就在我们眼前了。我们先看太和殿。太和殿又名金銮殿，高二十八米，面积2380多平方米，是故宫中最大的宫殿。斗拱，额枋，梁柱上装饰着青蓝，点金和贴金彩画，十分华丽。大殿正中是安放宝座的地方，上方有一条雕金蟠龙，龙口含有一颗圆珠，周围还有六颗小珠，大家看到了吗?除了天花板，梁枋间还有古时的双龙戏珠，单龙翔舞，行龙降龙升龙合为一体，体现了古人的艺术风格。这里是皇帝举行登基即位或大婚等大典的'地方，所以非常豪华。
穿过太和殿，看，那就是中和殿。殿的中央放着一个金库镏宝顶，大家知道是啥用吗?这是供皇帝举行大典时休息用的。
现在就剩一个大殿了，大家随我参观保和殿。这里是进行殿试的地方，只要考试通过，基本上下半辈子不用愁了。
前面有一个小广场，是故宫前后两部份的分界处。我告诉大家一件事，刚刚的三大殿所处位置就是北京城的中轴线，也是故宫的中轴线，我们是沿此南北中轴线来参观故宫的。好了，大家现在可以休息一下，也可以去两边的宫殿逛逛，半小时后我们在前面的乾清门集合!
休息好了吗?过了乾清门便进入内廷了，就是人们所说的“后宫”，是皇帝与妃子们起居的地方。我们现在看到的是后三宫：乾清宫，交泰殿和坤宁宫。乾清宫是皇帝的寝宫;后方的交泰殿是皇帝结婚的地方，所以又叫皇后宫;坤宁宫则是皇后的寝宫。左右两边是东六宫和西六宫，是嫔妃们所居之地。
我们继续往前是御花园，这里亭台楼阁，池馆水榭，假山怪石，花坛盆景，一应俱全，是帝王后妃们游玩休息的地方。大家可以自由参观体验一下。
好了，我们的故宫之旅即将结束，大家穿过顺贞门就是神武门了，可以从那儿出故宫，也可以继续自由参观。很高兴与你们一同浏览故宫，期待下次再见!
北京故宫导游词3
各位游客：
大家好，欢迎来到故宫参观，我姓陈，您们叫我陈导就行了。我先给大家介绍一下故宫的概况，之后介绍太和殿、中和殿、保和殿、乾清宫、和。故宫，又名紫禁城，是我国重要的历史爱护文物，1987年被联合国教科文组织列入“世界文化遗产”名录。
紫禁城的由来有两种说法，第一种是依照中国古代星象学说：北极星在中天，故宫正好对着北极星，天人对应；其次种是：由于故宫是紫色的，又是禁城，所以故宫又称紫禁城。明代第三位皇帝朱棣开头营造这座宫殿，到明永乐十八年（1420年）落成。
在之后五百多年里，共有24位皇帝在那里生活居住。紫禁城四周有高10m的城墙和宽52m的护城河。城南北长961m，东西宽753m，占地面积达72万。
故宫建筑布局沿中轴线向两侧绽开，宫殿建筑总面积达163，000。太和殿是皇上召集大臣上朝和协商国家大事的地方。自1420年建成后屡遭焚毁，又多次重建，这天看到的是清代康熙三十四年（1695年）重建的。太和殿建筑面积2377，相当于50个教室，高35.05m，相当于10层楼那么高，为紫禁城内规模最大的殿宇。
太和殿装饰非常豪华，殿内金砖铺地，设有宝座。说是金砖，但是金砖不是用金子做的，金砖是专供宫殿使用的一种高质量的铺地方砖，产自苏州、松江等地，选料精良，制作工艺简单。因其质地坚细，敲起来发出金属般声音，故名金砖。太和殿前有宽敞的`平台，称为丹陛，俗称月台。月台上陈设日晷、嘉量各一，铜龟、铜鹤各一对，铜鼎18座。大家往太和殿两侧看，是不是有许多个大水缸？它是干什么的呢，对了，是灭火的。大水缸的下面有一个凹槽，是由于冬天水会结冰，往凹槽里放火把就能不让水结冰。
太和殿是故宫里最总要重要的宫殿，很多历史决策都是从那里出去的。太和殿后是中和殿，是皇上上朝前休息的地方。保和殿位于中和殿后，是殿试的地方。考试的第一名叫状元，其次名称为磅眼，第三名是探花。不知皇帝端坐在上上面，考生是不是会紧急的颤抖。皇帝把殿试支配在宫殿内，可见皇帝是多莫重视殿试。
故宫后半部分是皇帝和妃子们生活和居住的地方。乾清宫是后宫最大的宫殿，是皇上的寝宫。宫内宝座上方悬“正大光明”匾，据传皇帝把自己立的太子名字放在“正大光明”匾后，用这种方法确定皇位继承人，削减为争夺皇位自相惨杀。
坤宁宫是皇后的寝宫，它是唯一一座在中轴线上的妃子的寝宫，也是距离乾清宫最近的，体现了皇后在后宫中至高无上的地位，“一个胜利男人的背后总有一个胜利的女人”这句话在那里得到了印证。在坤宁宫前有个小的宫殿交泰殿，它是皇后在千秋节日收贺礼的地方。我们参观的只是中轴线上的重要宫殿，中轴线的后面是御花园，两旁还有一些宫殿，前半部分是以太和殿为中心，后半部分是一些妃子和宫女的寝宫。此刻解说完毕，请大家自由参观。
北京故宫导游词4
游客：
大家好！我是大家的导游，我姓何，大家都叫我小何吧！很高兴认识大家，现在我要带领大家参观著名的中外故宫。
故宫位于北京市中心，是世界五大宫殿之一，又称“紫禁城”。它是明清时期的宫殿，也是中国保存的最大、最完整的古建筑。1988年被联合国教科文组织列为“世界文化遗产”。
故宫有一个中轴线贯穿其中，三大殿、后三宫、御花园都在这条中轴线上。
太和殿、中和殿、保和殿分别位于故宫前方。现在让我们依次观看吧！太和殿又称金銮殿，是故宫中最大的宫殿，也是中国最大的木结构宫殿。太和殿建在约5米高的白玉台基上。台基周围矗立着一排排雕刻着云龙云凤图案的栏杆。前后各有三个石阶。中间的石阶上雕刻着盘龙，衬托着海浪和流云的`“御路”。它是皇权的象征，每当有重大活动时，皇帝都会在这里举行。中和殿位于太和殿后面，平面呈正方形，黄色琉璃瓦，四角保存尖顶，中间有镀金宝顶，造型壮观，建筑精致。保和殿位于中和殿后面，内部是一个长方形，到了乾隆时代，这里就成了考试区。
后三宫分别为乾清宫、坤宁宫和交泰宫。乾清宫是皇帝居住的地方，坤宁宫是皇后居住的地方。交泰宫是一座宫殿，因与乾清宫、坤宁宫在一起而被称为后三宫。
现在大家都累了吧？接下来，我带你去御花园休息一下。御花园是后宫的户外养心场所，占地面积12023平方米。其格局紧凑，布局古色古香，花木点缀其间，十分美丽。亭台楼阁相依相承，是一个清新典雅、赏心悦目的好地方。
今天的旅行就到这里，希望这次旅行能给你带来快乐，谢谢大家！
北京故宫导游词5
大家好，今天由我来为大家当一次导游，向你们介绍北京故宫。希望大家做一个文明的参观者，也祝大家参观愉快!
北京故宫，位于北京市中心，是明清两朝皇帝的宫殿。从明朝永乐五年，公元1407年起，明成祖朱棣集全国匠师，征用二、三十万民工、军工，经过14年的时间，建成了这组东方最大的宫殿群。故宫规模巨大，总面积72万平方米，共有大小房屋9999间，先后有27位皇帝住在这里。
游客们，故宫南边的第一道门就是闻名遐迩的天安门。朱红的墙面，同样鲜红的琉璃瓦双层屋顶，还有墙下的五扇拱形门以及墙上毛主席那英姿勃发的头像，构成了天安门的大概外貌。这里不仅是故宫的南大门，还是新中国成立过了天安门，我们便可以远远望见一条大河。幽清的河，弯弯曲，一眼望不到头，好似一条极长的青丝带。这条河叫金水河，是人工开凿的，据说是为了防御进攻的敌人，类似于一座城的护城河。金水河上有五座用大理石砌成的桥，叫五龙桥。踏着桥面的条砖，扶着桥边的栏杆，似乎能感觉到那时的时代气息。
过了金水河、五龙桥，再通过太和门，然后走上一小会路，我们就来到了皇帝讨论国家大事，召见群臣的太和殿。太和殿有两层顶，都用黄色的琉璃瓦铺好，在阳光的照耀下熠熠生辉。屋檐下，有十几根红柱支撑，再往下就上一个高大洁白的汉白玉台基。太和殿进深37.2米，宽63.9米，高26.9米，汉白玉台基高8.1米。在殿前开阔的台基上，依次整齐地陈列着日晷、嘉量、铜龟、铜鹤等。大殿正上方，有一块金边蓝匾，上书“太和殿”三个金光闪闪、苍劲有力的大字。殿内排有18根金柱，每一根金柱上都雕有千姿百态、栩栩如生、活灵活现的金龙，那架势，似乎要一跃而起，飞向苍穹。还有那闪着光彩夺目的龙椅，真是富丽堂皇。太和殿后面，还有皇帝上朝前休息的.中和殿与举行最高级别科举考试的保和殿。再往后过了乾清门，我们就来到了内廷，就是宫人们的生活区。主要有皇帝住的乾清宫，皇后住的坤宁宫，太上皇住的宁寿宫、皇太后住的慈宁宫以及妃嫔们住的东六宫与西六宫等等。
我们再往后走，就到了故宫最北的地方，叫御花园，园中有钦安殿。这里有苍松翠柏，名花异卉，怪石伏立、泉水喷珠，是故宫内最亲切自然之处。
出了最北的地安门，也就结束了这故宫的参观。我祝大家参观愉快!谢谢大家!
北京故宫导游词6
各位游客
大家好
我是这次旅游的导游姜佳婷。我很荣幸能够带领大家去故宫旅游。希望我能带给大家最好的服务。现在展现在我们面前的就是气势雄伟的古代宫殿—故宫了。大家看这四面就是宫墙，而且宫墙四面都建有高大的城门，南为午门也就是故宫正门，北为神武门，东为东华门，西为西华门，这宫墙四“门”的角楼都是风格独特、造型绮丽的。现在请跟我一起去故宫中最大的宫殿太和殿看看！这里是明、清皇帝召见百官、发号施令、举行庆典的地方。全殿面阔11间，进深5间，外有廊柱，殿内外共立72根大柱。殿高35米，殿内净空高达14米，宽63米，面积2377平方米，为全国最大的木构大殿。
我再给大家介绍介绍其他的宫殿吧！现在我们来到了中和殿。中和殿是为帝王去太和殿途中的演习礼仪之地。保和殿，是皇帝宴请外藩王公贵族和京中文武大臣之处。我们再来看看文华殿。它是明代皇太子读书处。乾清门是故宫中外朝和内廷的'分界处，由此向北便是内廷。乾清宫是明、清皇帝居住和处理政务的地方。慈宁宫就是皇上住的地方。你们看过《还珠格格》这部电视剧吗？它就是在故宫里拍的。规划严整，气魄宏伟，极为壮观，这就是我国的故宫。无论在平面布局，立体效果以及形式上的雄伟、堂皇、庄严、和谐，都属无与伦比的杰作。它标志着我国悠久的文化传统，显示着500余年前我国在建筑艺术上的卓越成就。现在大家可以自由参观，可是我要提醒大家一定要注意保持故宫环境。
北京故宫导游词7
尊敬的游客们大家好：
今天，将有我带领大家去故宫博物院游览。自我介绍一下，我叫xxx，大家也可以叫我小张。
我先给大家简略介绍一下。故宫又名“紫禁城”曾经居住过24位皇帝，是明、清两代建造的。故宫坐南朝北，占地72万平方米，建筑占地15万平方米。故宫四面有10米的城墙，长961米，宽753米，还有3800米的护城河环绕。
“耳听为虚，眼见为实。”接下来就让我们来参观吧!这故宫以太和殿为主体，以左右对称的方法来装饰宫殿。中和殿还有一个灿烂夺目的'宝顶呢!
哈哈!大家大概已经看到那些精美的图案。有动物的纹样如龙、凤、虎、狮、鸟、鱼、虫;有植物的纹样如荷、兰、竹、菊;还有生物的纹样呢!如电、雷、雨、雪等多种多样的图案和纹样壁画等。
你们知道什么东西最能表现古代帝王的权力呢?当然是玉玺啦!大家往这看明、清两代的四十九国宝，怎么样?精致吧!
今天，小张给大家的解说到此结束，大家可以根据个人喜好来参观，三小时后在故宫博物院后门集合，祝大家玩的愉快!
北京故宫导游词8
友爱的游客们，大家好!我是你们的导游，我姓林，叫我林导游好了。很兴奋熟悉你们，现在我将带领你们巡游北京故宫，观赏我国文化遗产。
现在我为大家简介一下故宫:故宫是我国明清二朝的皇宫，也是现在最大，最完整的古建筑群。盼望大家在巡游时做个文明的游客。不乱扔垃圾，不触摸物品，这样才能观赏到有着历史气息的故宫。
现在我们进入太和殿的大门，战线在宴请的便是一座座宏伟的宫殿。正前面那座最大的木构建宇，很是引人注目，那就是太和殿。它是皇权的象征，每当有重大的活动，皇帝都在此进行。
后面这一排金碧辉煌的尬宫殿，分别是中和殿，保和殿。游完了辉煌的太和殿，大家估量累了吧，我们在这休息一会，大家可以在四周走走看看。20分钟后我们在御花园门口集中。
休息时间到了，大家都人齐了。我想问问你们是否能感受到这儿的生活气息很浓呢?这里的.一切起居用品在当时都是堪称一流的，后宫里的户外养心之处是御花园。它的格局，布局紧凑，古色古香，花草树木点缀其间。特别漂亮。亭台楼阁相依相承。是个清心雅致，赏心悦目的好地方。
这次旅游到此结束，祝大家开心!感谢!
北京故宫导游词9
Dear friends, today I am going to show you the most complete and most beautiful palace in ancient China, &mdash, &mdash and the Imperial Palace. Before I have a formal visit, I'll give you a brief introduction to the tour guide.
The the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, is the palace of the 24 emperors of the two dynasties of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. It is located at the center of the central axis of Beijing. It covers an area of about 720 thousand square meters. It is the largest palace building of the existing scale. The Forbidden City the present temple has 2631, one of the most famous buildings after harmony, Wenhuage, Wuhan Yingge etc.. The the Imperial Palace of Beijing is the key cultural relic protection unit in China, and is also a national 5A scenic area. It is also selected and selected "the world cultural heritage list". It can be seen that the historical value and cultural significance of the the Imperial Palace Museum.
Listen to my simple introduction through the guide words, I think you have a simple understanding of the the Imperial Palace. Love at the palace drama friends expect very much, want to see the queen, concubines living place, but I have to tell you that the drama shooting palace is not the Imperial Palace, but specifically for the filming of the building modeled on the the Imperial Palace. Therefore, there are many houses in the Imperial Palace that cannot be entered, but only far away. We hope you will strictly abide by the requirements, so as not to damage the historical relics. At the same time, I hope you do civilized passengers, no littering, no graffiti, with the hope that we.
After listening to the the Imperial Palace tour guide, I think you can't wait. Now we are going to have a tour. Please follow my footsteps to uncover the mysterious veil of the Imperial Palace.
北京故宫导游词10
各位旅客朋友们：
大家好!
我叫萌萌，是大家的导游，大家可以叫我萌导。今天，我们要观光世界遗产——北京故宫。
现在我给大家介绍一下。故宫，又称紫禁城，是明清两代的皇宫，故宫是世界是现存规模最大最完整的古代木结构建筑群，为我国现存最大最完整的古代木结构建筑群。它始建于明永乐四年(公元460年)，厉时十四年才完工，共有24位皇帝先后在此登基。历史很悠久。紫禁城占地72万多平方米，共有宫殿9000多间，都是黄琉璃瓦顶、青白石底座，饰以金碧辉煌的彩画。故宫标志着我们祖国悠久的文化传统，显示着五百多年前匠师们在建筑上的卓越成就。我们到了，大家请下车。您看，这就是故宫里最吸引人的建筑是三座大殿：太和殿、中和殿和保和殿。它们建在汉白玉砌成的8米高的台基上，远望犹如神话中的琼宫仙阙，都有黄琉璃瓦顶、青白石底座，金碧辉煌的彩画，。第一座大殿太和殿是最富丽堂皇的建筑，俗称“金銮殿”，是皇帝举行大典的地方，殿高28米，东西63米，南北35米，柱子是沥粉金漆的蟠龙柱。御座设在殿内高2米的台上，前有造型美观的仙鹤、炉、鼎，后面有精雕细刻的围屏。整个大殿装饰得金碧辉煌，庄严绚丽。中和殿是皇帝去太和殿举行大典前稍事休息和演习礼仪的地方。保和殿是每年除夕皇帝赐宴外藩王公的'场所。
接下来我们去故宫博物院吧。跟大家说，故宫博物院藏有大量珍贵文物，据统计总共达052653件之多，统称有文物00万件，占全国文物总数的6，其中有很多是绝无仅有的国宝。在几个宫殿中设立了历代艺术馆、珍宝馆、钟表馆等。故宫博物院里有一套清代金银珠云龙纹甲胄，通身缠绕着6条龙，形状生动，穿插于云朵之间。甲胄是用约60万个小钢片连结起来的，每个钢片厚约毫米，长4毫米，宽.5毫米，钻上小孔，以便穿线连结。据说，为制造这套甲胄，共用了4万多个工时。
接下来请各位慢慢欣赏故宫。注意有带小孩的家长看好孩子，请大家互相照顾。要保护珍惜文物。祝大家玩得开心，再见!
北京故宫导游词11
大家好!我是你们的向导，我姓高名泓泽，叫我高导好了。如今我将带着你们游览故宫，观赏我国的文化遗产。
故宫为我国明清二朝的皇宫，也是现存最大、最完好的古建筑群。所以我们在游览时不应当乱丢垃圾，也不要随地吐痰。
进了太和殿的大门，呈现在大家面前的便是一座座宏伟的宫殿。正前面那座最大的木构建宇，很是引人注目，那就是太和殿。它是皇权的象征，每当有重大活动是，皇帝都在此举行。后面的一排金碧辉煌的`尬宫殿，分别是中和殿、保和殿。
这样气魄宏伟的工程，凝聚了多少劳动人民的血汗与智慧呀!
北京故宫导游词12
亲爱游客们，大家好！我是你们导游，我姓林，叫我林导游好了。很高兴认识你们，现在我将带领你们游览北京故宫，欣赏我国文化遗产。
现在我为大家简介一下故宫：故宫是我国明清二朝皇宫，也是现在最大，最完整古建筑群。希望大家在游览时做个文明游客。不乱扔垃圾，不触摸物品，这样才能欣赏到有着历史气息故宫。
现在我们进入太和殿大门，战线在宴请便是一座座雄伟宫殿。正前面那座最大木构建宇，很是引人注目，那就是太和殿。它是皇权象征，每当有重大活动，皇帝都在此举行。
后面这一排金碧辉煌尬宫殿，分别是中和殿，保和殿。游完了辉煌太和殿，大家估计累了吧，我们在这休息一会，大家可以在周围走走看看。20分钟后我们在御花园门口集中。
休息时间到了，大家都人齐了。我想问问你们是否能感受到这儿生活气息很浓呢？这里一切起居用品在当时都是堪称一流，后宫里户外养心之处是御花园。它格局，布局紧凑，古色古香，花草树木点缀其间。非常美丽。亭台楼阁相依相承。是个清心雅致，赏心悦目好地方。
这次旅游到此结束，祝大家愉快！谢谢！
北京故宫导游词13
各位游客
大家好，很高兴成为你们的导游，我叫小安，大家叫我陈导或小安都可以，我会尽自己全力为你们服务。
故宫位于北京市城区中心，是明、清两代的皇宫，是当今世界上现存规模最大、建筑最雄伟、保存最完整的古代皇家宫殿。故宫又叫紫禁城。紫禁城是中国五个多世纪以来的最高权力中心，它以园林景观和容纳了家具及工艺品的9000个房间的庞大建筑群，成为明清时代中国文明无价的历史见证。1987年，北京故宫被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》。
北京故宫有很多古老的殿，有太和殿、中和殿、保和殿……
现在我们来到了故宫中最重要的院落--——太和殿及其广场，这里就是皇家举行盛大典礼的地方。太和殿象征皇权的至高无上，太和殿俗称金銮殿，是我国现存木结构大殿的杰出典范之作。太和殿始建于公元1420年，当时叫奉天殿。后来，该叫皇极殿。清顺治皇帝登基后，重修三大殿，并将皇极殿改为太和殿。
太和殿高装饰用的彩绘为最高等级的金龙和玺。殿顶形式为最高等级的重檐庑殿顶，就连大殿正脊上的吻兽也是我国目前最大的，总之处处显示“第一”，那是皇帝认为“老子天下第一”思想的`体现。
好!这里可以拍远处太和殿的全景，各位可以在此留个影。
各位朋友，北京故宫到处都有美丽的景色说也说不尽，希望你们细细游赏、拍照。但是要注意不要乱扔垃圾那些，祝你们玩得开心!
教师评价：全文符合导游词的写法框架，“各位可以在此留个影”的句子显得导游很有人性化。相信大家会喜欢你的。
北京故宫导游词14
This is the palace museum; also know as the purple forbidden city. it is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in china today. under ming emperor yongle, construction began in 1406. it took 14years to build the forbidden city. the first ruler who actually lived here was ming emperor zhudi. for five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when qing emperor puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .in 1987, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization recognized the forbidden city was a world cultural legacy.
forbidden city(紫禁城)
(in front of the meridian gate)
it is believed that the palace museum, or zi jin cheng (purple forbidden city), got its name from astronomy folklore, the ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the ziwei yuan(north star). the constellation containing the north star was called the constellation of heavenly god and star itself was called the purple palace. because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. in folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, laozi, to the hanghu pass. here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. the word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.
the red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. yellow is the color of the earth on the loess plateau, the original home of the chinese people. yellow became an imperial color during the tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.
the forbidden city is rectangular in shape. it is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. it has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .a 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. there are four entrances into the city: the meridian gate to the south, the shenwu gate(gate of military prowess) to the north, and the xihua gate(gate of military prowess) to the north, and the xihua gate(western flowery gate )to the west ,the donghua (eastern flowery gate) to the east.
manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the forbidden city. a total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. marble was quarried from fangshan country mount pan in jixian county in hebei province. granite was quarried in quyang county in hebei province. paving blocks were fired in kilns in suzhou in southern china. bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in shandong province .timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.
the structure in front of us is the meridian gate. it is the main entrance to the forbidden city. it is also knows as wufenglou(five-phoenix tower). ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .they also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.
qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year. qing emperor qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another emperor` s name, hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time. qing dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. for example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.
(after entering the meridian gate and standing in front of the five marble bridges on golden water river)
now we are inside the forbidden city.before we start our tour, i would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .to complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the city of beijing. the forbidden city covers roughly one –third of this central axis. most of the important building in the forbidden city weree arranged along this line. the design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.
the forbidden city is divided into an outer and an inner count.we are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. in front of us lies the gate of supreme harmony .the gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. the lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. the one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. the other one is a female. underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. the winding brook before us is the golden water river. it functions both as decoration and fire control .the five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. the river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow. this was meant to show that the emperors ruled the country on behalf of god.
(in front of the gate of supreme harmony)
the forbidden city consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure. the out count yard covers a vast space lying between the meridian gate and the gate of heavenly purity. the “three big halls” of supreme harmony, complete harmony and preserving harmony constitute the center of this building group. flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: wenhua (prominent scholars) and wuying (brave warriors) . the three great halls are built on a spacious “h”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. there are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .the hall of supreme harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of china. from the palace of heavenly purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. in the center are the palace of heavenly purity, the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility, a place where the emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived. there are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial garden, caning garden and quailing garden. an inner golden water river flows eastwardly within the inner court. the brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the forbidden city. it is spanned by the white jade bridge. the river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades. most of the structures within the forbidden city have yellow glazed tile roofs.
aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. with these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the forbidden city. since paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the son of heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. it is also rumoured that this half –room is located to the west of the wenyuange pavilion (imperial library). as a matter of fact, although the forbidden city has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent .the wenyuange pavilion is a library where “si ku quan shu”- china `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.
(after walking past the gate of supreme harmony)
ladies and gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the hall of supreme harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the forbidden city. this structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . the hall of supreme harmony sits on a triple “h”-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. the staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.
the construction of the hall of supreme harmony began in 1406. it burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. the existing architecture was built during the qing dynasty. on the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles. these animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. there are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. the number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.
there was a total of 24 successive emperors during the ming and qing dynasties who were enthroned here. the ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the winter solstice, the chinese lunar new year, the emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .on such occasions, the emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.
this area is called the hall of supreme harmony square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. in the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the emperor. on both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. the purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. in the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. in the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats. in wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .why so vast a square? it was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness. imagine the following scene. under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme harmony into a fairyland. whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall. when the emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.
the last qing emperor puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, his father carried him to the throne. at the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared .he was so scared that he kept crying and shouting,”i don’t want to stay here. i want to go home.” his father tried to soothe him, saying, ”it` all soon be finished .it` all soon be finished ”the ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious. coincidentally, the qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded china `s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.
(on the stone terrace of the hall of supreme harmony)
this is a bronze incense burner. in it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions. there are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the sing monarchs. on either side of the hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire. next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity. this copper-cast grain measure is called ”jialiang.” it served as the national standard during the qing dynasty. it was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification. on the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece. the jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time.
in the very forefront of the hall of supreme harmony , there are 12 scarlet , round pillars supporting the roof. the hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south, it is 35 meters in height. in front of this architechture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance .it has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. in the middle of the hall, a throune carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is a imperial desk . the flanks are decorated with elephants, luduan(a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. the elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals(i. e. rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans),which was considered a symbol of prosperity. as ancient legend has it that luduan can travel 18,000 li (9,000 kilometers )in one day and knows all languages and dialects. only to a wise adjust monarch will this beast be a guardian.
the hall of supreme harmony is also popularly known as jinluan dian (gold bell hall or the throne hall). the floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it .the so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold. reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar. each brick was worth the market price of one dan (or one hectoliter ) of rice.
the hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars .of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne. above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the specialities of china `s ancient architure. in the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals. this copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the xuanyuan mirror and is thought to be made xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity. the placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of china` s successive emperors are zuanyuan` s descendants and hereditary heirs. now you might have noticed that the xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne. why? it is rumored that yuan shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him .in 1916 when yuan shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a western-style, high-back chair. after the foundation of the people` s republic of china in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse. it repaired and returned to the hall.
(leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west)
the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called “menhai,” or sea before the door by the ancient chinese. they believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc. the vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher. they were kept full of water all year round.
during the qing dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure. they were made of gilt bronze or iron. of couse, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality. when the allied forces (britain, germany, france, russia, the united states, italy, japan and austria) invaded beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the boxer rebellion, the invaders ransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets. during the japanese occupation of beijing, many vats were trucked away by the japanese to be made into bullets .
(in front of the hall of complete harmony)
the square architecture before us is called the hall of complete harmony. it served as an antechamber. the emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral temple. the seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here. the two qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of emperor qianlong.
(in front of the hall f preserving harmony)
this is the hall of preserving harmony. during the qing dynasty, banquets were held here on new year` s eve in honour of mongolian and northwestern china` s xingjiang princes and ranking officials. the emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day. imperial examinations were also held here once every three years. during the ming and qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level. the national exam was presided over by the emperor. the civil service exam in ancient china started during the han dynasty. it served the purpose of recruiting confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials. during the tang and qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system. once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to beijing and took exams for three day and night. this system was abolished in 1905.
(behind the hall of preserving harmony)
this is the largest stone carving in the palace . it is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick .it weighs about 200 tons. the block was quarried in fangshan county, roughly 70 kilometers away. to transport such a huge block to beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter. rolling blocks were used in the summer. in 1760, emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the ming dynasty.
note : from here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(route a), a central route (route b) or an eastern route (route c) .the commentary for each follows.
route a
ladies and gentlemen:
you have seen the three main halls of the forbidden city. now i ` d like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden . the hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to fengxian (enshrinement of forebears) hall in the east. this hall was built during the ming dynasty. it is a h-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building .the hall is surrounded by corridors. in front of the hall is the office of privy council.
before emperor kangxi of qing the dynasty came to power the hall of heavenly purity served as the living quarter of the emperors. emperor yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here .for the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public .you can have a look at the inside from the door. the central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation. the western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs. the hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of buddha and miniature pagodas. on the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the han costume. in a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room “sanxitang” (room of three rare treasures) . the room on the eastern side is of historical interst because it was here that empress dowager cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor . a bamboo curtain was used to separate them .
empress dowage cixi was born in 1835 in lu` an prefecture of shanxi province. she` s of manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south china. when she was 17 years old ,she was selected to become a concubine of emperor xianfeng and moved into the forbidden city. she gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the following year. when the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of cixi, meaning “holy mother” was conferred upon her and she became the empress dowager. in that same year empress dowager cixi carried out a count coup d` etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, ci` an, for 48 years. she passed away in 1908 at the age of 73. it was in reference to this situation that the term “attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain” developed .in 1912 , empress dowager longyu declared the abdication of the last qing emperor puyi. they were allowed to remain in the forbidden city for the next 13 years .the royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924.
behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive qing emperors .three of them actually passed away here. the side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines. now let` s continue with our tour. it will take us to the hall of heavenly purity , the hall of union and peace ,the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden.
route b
(inside the hall of heavenly purity)
ladies and gentlemen:
we are now entering the inner court. from the gate of heavenly purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived .the hall of heavenly purity is the central hall of the inner court ,and was completed during the reign of emperor yongle of the ming dynasty. there are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height .in the center of the hall there a throne. above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads “be open and above-board,” written by shenzhi,the first emperor of the qing dynasty. beginning with qianlong` s reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced .instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor` s person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque. the box was opened only after the emperor passed away. altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely qianlong, jiaqing, daohuang and xian feng.
the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the ming and qing dynasties. according to tradition ,extravagant annual banquets were held here on new year` s eve in honour of royal family members. foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-qing period. two important “one thousand old men` s feasts” of the qing dynasty were also held here. all the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.
this hall was also used for mourning services.
(inside the palace of union and peace)
this hall sits between the hall of heavenly purity and the palace of earthly tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth ,as well as national peace .it was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798. the hall is square in shape ,and is smaller than the hall of complete harmony .you will see a plaque here inscribed with two chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by emperor qianglong. a throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it .above the throne there hangs a caisson ,or covered ceiling. the emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here.
in 1748 during emperor qianlong` s reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall .no seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor. on each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock.
(inside the palace of earthly tranquility)
this used to be the central hall where successive ming empresses lived. during the qing dynasty, it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held .the room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber.
route c
ladies and gentlemen:
you have seen the three main halls of the forbidden city. now i` d like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route. the first is the treasure hall. this mansion is called the hall of imperial zenith. this is where sing emperor quailing lived after abdication. nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the golden hair tower is one of the most famous. this tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference .it was built under the order of emperor quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother. there is also a “day harnessing water jade hill ” on display here. yu was a legendary monarch of the remote ixia dynasty. under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the yellow river. this jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in china. this mat was woven with peeled ivory. these artifacts are among china` s rarest treasures.
(in front of the nine-dragon screen)
this is the nine-dragon relief screen .erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width. underneath is a foundation made of marble .the surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons ,some rocky mountains ,clouds and the sea. it was meant to ward off evil spirits the ancient chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea. it was meant to ward off evil spirits .the ancient chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast .the 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles. interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood. it is believe that when the nine-dragon screen was almost finished ,a piece of glazed tile was damaged .emperor qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day .using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection. later ,he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay.
(approaching the imperial garden)
there main structure of the imperial garden is the qin` an hall. positioned in the central-northern part of the garden ,this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west. the hall sits on a marble pedestal. the taoist deity of zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis. taoist rites were held during the reign of emperor jiajing of the ming dynasty. in front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old .in all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines. to the northwest of the hall , there is the yanhui(sustaining sunshine) pavilion and to the northeast there lies the duixiu (accumulated refinement )hill. this hill was built over the foundation of the long- pershed guanhua (admiring flowers) hall of the ming dynasty.
behind the palace of earthly tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial garden. there are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden .it cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the forbidden city. most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged . however, each is different in terms of parrern and decoration. woods clumps of bamboo screen off the garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.
北京故宫导游词15
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